[1]陈国华译.大宪章[M].北京:商务印书馆.2016.
序言
《大宪章》缔造了现代社会制度的三个基本原则:一是以自由保障自由的原则;二是以分权保障自由的原则;三是以法治保障自由的原则。
当下纪念《大宪章》仍然具有重要意义。人们仍然面临着公权力滥用,社会缺乏共识的社会问题,解决之策乃是通过法治凝聚共识。不应以旁观者的身份评述别人的历史,而应将之作为中国学术传统的一部分,慎终追远,追寻《大宪章》在晚清以来中国的印迹,梳理其学术遗产,以开放的心态客观地评价法治的未来发展。
大宪章
只要负债人之动产足以偿债,朕或朕之官员将不得收回任何土地或地租以偿债。只要负债人本人能偿债,不得对其担保人实施羁押。如负债人因缺乏支付能力而无法偿债,其担保人须代为偿还。担保人如愿意,可扣押负债人之土地和地租,直至其所代还债务已得到偿还。负债人如能证明所还债务已超过担保人之担保额,则不在此列。
Neither we nor our officials will seize any land or rent in payment of a debt, so long as the debtor has movable goods sufficient to discharge the debt. A debtor’s sureties shall not be distrained upon so long as the debtor himself can discharge his debt. If, for lack of means, the debtor is unable to discharge his debt, his sureties shall be answerable for it. If they so desire, they may have the debtor’s lands and rents until they have received satisfaction for the debt that they paid for him, unless the debtor can show that he has settled his obligations to them.
处理自由人所犯小过失,罚金须与其过失之程度相当;处理严重过失,也应如此,但不得重到剥夺其生计之程度。若商人和农民被告至朕之法庭,处罚商人时须允许其保留其经商手段,处罚农民时须允许其保留其农具。此类处罚未经邻里有良好声誉认识宣誓评判,不得实施。
For a trivial offence, a free man shall be fined only in proportion to the degree of his offence, and for a serious offence correspondingly, but not so heavily as to deprive him of his livelihood. In the same way, a merchant shall be spared his merchandise, and a husbandman the implements of his husbandry, if they fall upon the mercy of a royal court. None of these fines shall be imposed except by the assessment on oath of reputable men of the neighbourhood.
任何骑将或朕之其他官员不当即付款,不得拿走任何人之粮食或其他财物,除非卖方自愿允许赊账。
No constable or other royal official shall take corn or other movable goods from any man without immediate payment, unless the seller voluntarily offers postponement of this.
今后任何官员不得仅凭自己一句话,在没有可信证人证明其真实性之情况下,对一个人进行审判。
In future no official shall place a man on trial upon his own unsupported statement, without producing credible witness to truth of it.
任何自由人将不受逮捕、监禁、没收财产、剥夺法律保护、流放或以其他任何方式受到伤害,朕亦不会对之施加暴力或派人对之施加暴力,除非通过其平等人士之合法裁决或通过英格兰法裁决。
No free man shall be seized or imprisoned, or stripped of his rights or possessions, or outlawed or exiled, or deprived of his standing in any other way, nor will we proceed with force against him, or send others to do so, except by the lawful judgement of his equals or by the law of the land.
朕不会向任何人出卖权利或正义,朕也不会拒绝或拖延任何人之权利或正义。
To no one will we sell, to no one deny or delay right or justice.
战争一旦爆发,国内来自敌对国之商人将受到羁押,但不得对其人身或货物施加伤害或损害,直至朕之首席法官弄清楚我国商人在敌对国受到何种待遇。如我方商人在对方安全无恙,对方商人在我方也会安全无恙。
Any such merchants found in our country at the outbreak of war shall be detained without injury to their persons or property, until we or our chief justice have discovered how our own merchants are being treated in the country at war with us. If our own merchants are safe they shall be safe too.
大宪章的现代法政价值
法律虽然为君主所制定,但君主本身也必须服从自己制定的法律,这就是“王在法下”原则的要旨,是法治精神之所在。
“王在法下”原则与司法独立、程序正义两原则互为依靠。
实施法律的重点尤其在于法律面前人人平等,不偏私、不容隐,不能平民奉行一套法律,官僚享受另一套法律,否则审判无意义,公正不可言,法律至上更付诸空谈。
一国内部不搞零和博弈,尽可能追求双赢多美的政治局面,说起来稀松平常,但实际上颇不容易。在成王败寇的故纸堆中,《大宪章》显得收敛克制,难能可贵。
只要有了自由,人民完全可以自我组织、自我管理,相互扶助、关心彼此,真正成为一个血脉通畅、肌理丰满的生命共同体。这就是自由之花可以杰出的丰收果实,甘饴无比,而如果扼杀民众的自由,那也就扼杀了社会的生机和活力。生拼硬凑的队伍不可能团结,傀儡木偶般的氓夫也不可能热忱。
在英国以及加拿大、澳大利亚等实行同样普通法的国家和地区,一个人、一个政府一旦诚信破产,要付出的代价几乎是不可承受的,等于宣布了死刑,因为你什么事情都做不了了。在我国,法律规定对违反诚信的企业和个人的惩罚,远远低于违反诚信、违反法律所付出的代价,甚至背信弃义、违反法律根本没有成本和代价,法律实际上在变相鼓励违法,不守诚信,有时我们的法律甚至惩罚授信守法的人!腐败无孔不入,与存在很多不好的法律,很多不好的执法和司法,关系密切。我们的立法者,我们的执法者、检察官、法官一定要意识到,自己不仅是在立法、执法和司法,而且是在塑造这个国家和民族的品性和品行。800年前就有了这样充满正能量的法律,才有今天这样性格的英格兰民族,把守法诚信看得比天都重要。
政治人物能否万岁,不是看打了多少胜仗,甚至不是看经济增长了多少,而是看任内其法律上的成就如何。一部伟大法典、伟大案例的生命力可以远远超过任何人的寿命,跨越时空,传至万世,乃至永远永恒。一般政客求钱,政治人物求权,政治家追求人民的福祉,伟大智慧的政治家不仅追求人民福祉,而且通过法治追求公平正义和万世太平。